英语语法高中总结(实用25篇)

时间:2023-03-09 17:22:13 范文大全

作为一名人民教师,教学反思是教师的一项重要工作,其中包括对自己的教学心得体会的总结。下面是范文狗小编为大家收集整理的英语语法高中总结,多篇合集,全方面满足您的需求,希望能帮到您!

英语语法高中总结 第1篇

定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制,关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,强调语气的连接词只能是that, who,并且句子中的It 没有任何意义;一般比较明显,而有时就难以区别,还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。

它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,就要从语境上来考查。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题,意思是:它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题,那么意思是:他想要的是一本书。显然,句子是强调句型。

英语语法高中总结 第2篇

只用which,不能用that的情况

(1) 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成"介词+关系代词"结构来修饰表事物的先行词时, 关系代词必须用如:

☞The house in which we live is very 我们住的房子非常大。

这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。

注意:如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首, which就可换为that, 如:

☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion =This is the question about which we’ve had so much 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。

(2) 先行词为"those+表事物的复数名词"时, 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。如:

☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their

学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。

☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly

书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。

(3)当先行词指物,关系词在句中作主语或宾语,引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which,而不用that。

英语语法高中总结 第3篇

(1)  what 引导主语从句

例:What  surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very indifferent to

让我吃惊的是每个人似乎对她都很冷淡。

[  indifferent 不关心的;冷漠的]

(2)  what 引导宾语从句

例:We  can learn what we do not

我们能学会我们不懂的东西。

(3)  what 引导表语从句

例:That  is what I

那正是我所要的。

(4)  what 引导同位语从句

例:I  have no idea what they are talking

我不知道他们正在谈论什么。

英语语法高中总结 第4篇

在英语的句子中,谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定,则要看句子的意思。多数情况下,根据句子的主语形式就能判定,但有的则要看整句的意思,及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。

1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

1)To work hard is (It is necessary to work )

2)How you get there is a

2、复数主语跟复数动词。

3、在倒装句中, 动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here, there开头,be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如:1)Here comes the

2)On the wall were two famous

3)Here is Mr Brown and his

4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语,谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如:

1)Jane, Mary and I are good

2)He and my father work in the same

3)His sister, no less than you, is

4)The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the

5)He, like you and Xiao Liu is very

6)Every picture except these two has been

7)Alice with her parents often goes to the park on

8)Alice as well as her friends was invited to the

9)Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that

5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数,and后面的名词没有冠词。如:

1)The writer and worker is coming to our school 这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。

2)Bread and butter is their daily 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。

3)The writer and the worker are coming to our school (两个人)

6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

1)Every boy and girl has been invited to the 所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。

2)No teacher and no student is absent

3)Many a student is busy with their

7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

1)Each takes a cup of

2)Either is

3)Neither of them likes this

8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

1)Is everyone here?

2)Nothing is to be 没有什么要干的事儿了。

9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:

1)Those who want to go please sign their names

2)Anyone who is against this opinion may speak

3)He is one of the students who were praised at the

10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时,其谓语动词常用单数形式。

11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待(如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等),动词用单数形式。如:

1)The United States is in North

2)The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。

3)“The Arabian Nights”(《天方夜谭》)is an interesting

12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience(听众,观众),government等作主语时,如看作是一个整体,谓语动词则用单数形式;如强调各个成员时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:

1)My family is going to have a long

2)My family are fond of

3)The class has won the 这班获得了荣誉。

4)The class were jumping for

13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时,既可表示复数意义,也可表示单数意义,谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如:

1)All of the apple is 整个苹果都烂了。

2)All of the apples are 所有的苹果都烂了。

3)Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。

14、the + 形容词(或分词)作主语时,常指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念,谓语动词则用单数形式。如:

1)The young are usually very

2)The wounded are being taken good care of here

15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语,谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如:

1)Either you or I am going to the

2)Not only you but also he is

16、不可数名词没有复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:

1)Water is a kind of

2)The news at six o’clock is

17、集合名词如:people, police ,cattle等作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。如:

1)The police are searching for

2)The cattle are grassing (吃草)。

18、population当人口讲时,谓语动词用单数形式;当人们讲时,谓语动词用复数。如:

1)The population of China is larger than that of

2)One third of the population here are

19、the number of + 名词复数,是表示“…的数字”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;a (large / great) number of + 名词复数,表示许多,作主语时;谓语动词用复数形式。

1)The number of the students in our school is increasing year after

2)A number of students have gone for an

20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

英语语法高中总结 第5篇

英语修饰词,强调词

什么是修饰语?

和限定词一样,修饰语修饰句子的意思。它们根据说话者的意图改变其意思。修饰语是帮助你描述意思的最广泛的一类词。因此,它们可以是所有类型的词类,如形容词、形容词从句、副词、副词从句、绝对短语、不定式短语、分词短语和介词短语。如果使用得当,修饰语可以使任何句子更吸引人,更详细,更有趣的读者。修饰语给读者更多的信息,创造一个更完整的情况。

例:

Amy gathered

艾米收集原料。

例:

Young Amy, who just wanted to eat her favorite dessert to reward herself, enthusiastically gathered ingredients for a cake from the kitchen pantry, sneaking bits of sugar and chocolate as she left a trail of flour on the kitchen table and floor, a situation requiring her mother to spend so much time cleaning up that she couldn’t help Amy bake the

年轻的艾米只想吃她最喜欢的甜点来奖励自己,她从厨房的餐具室里热情地收集蛋糕的配料,偷偷地在厨房的桌子和地板上留下一小片面粉,同时还偷了一些糖和巧克力,这种情况要求她母亲花太多时间打扫卫生,以致于她无法帮助艾米烤蛋糕。

上面这句话虽然很长,但比第一句讲的故事要多得多。它也更有趣的阅读,使你可能想知道更多的情况。

艾米为什么要奖励自己?为什么她妈妈不帮她收集配料?该句子还包含以下每种类型的修饰语中的至少一种,如下所述。

形容词(形容名词或代词):young

年轻

形容词从句(用作形容词的描述性短语):

who just wanted to eat her favorite dessert

只想吃她最喜欢的甜点的人

不定式短语(以不定式开头或后跟动词的描述性短语):

to reward herself

奖励自己

副词(形容形容词或动词):

enthusiastically

热情地

介词短语(以介词开头的描述性短语,青蛙可以对原木做的事情,如sit on, in, 或 on top of it):

from the kitchen pantry

来自厨房的餐具室

分词短语(以形容词形式的动词开头的描述性短语,通常以-ing或-ed结尾):

Sneaking bits of sugar and chocolate

偷一点糖和巧克力

状语从句(一种做副词的描绘性短语):

She left a trail of flour on the kitchen table and

她在厨房的桌子和地板上留下面粉痕迹。

绝对短语(附在句子上的不带连词的描述性短语,经常修改整句话的意思):

Her mother to spend so much time cleaning up that she couldn’t help Amy bake the

母亲花大量时间清理,她无法帮助艾米烤蛋糕。

从上面的每个修饰语可以看出,它们可以放在句子的任何部分来修饰任何类型的单词或短语。

形容词和副词总是出现在它们所修饰的词或短语的前面,但除此之外,大多数修饰语都可以放在它们听起来最好的地方,它们将要修饰的东西最清楚的地方。

什么是限定词?

限定词是修饰语的一个子组,可以是副词,可以是单词或短语,通过限制动词来改变动词的意义。

不要说 Pam was working,这意味着Pam正在工作,你可以通过说 Pam was hardly working,来限制你描述的工作量。第二句几乎没有限定词,它的意思与第一句完全不同。在这种情况下,Pam做的工作比以前少得多。

限定词的一般用途是表示怀疑,或者限定你所说的话。你可以限制你所改变的动词和形容词的意义,如果你还没有足够的词汇量,这将非常有用。把这些限定词放在你想描述的动词或形容词前面。

下面列出了一些非常常见的限定符:

减轻某事的影响:

May/Might/Maybe/May be/Might/Could/Kind of/Sort of/Somewhat/Slightly

可能/也许/也许是/有点/稍微有点

例:

I might be going to Italy in June with my cousins, but I’m not sure

我可能六月份和我的表兄弟们去意大利,但我还不确定。

The rain could fall, but the sun is out to it is hard to

雨可能会下,但太阳出来了,很难预测。

Katie kind of wants to go to Disneyland, but she is afraid to ask her parents to take

凯蒂有点想去迪斯尼乐园,但她不敢让父母带她去。

一个较小的数字

Few/Not many/A small number/A minority/Some

少/不多/少数/少数

例:

A minority of voters approve of the new legislation that is being

少数选民赞成正在考虑的新立法。

Few students enjoy learning from reading books, as they would prefer to try different things and learn by

很少有学生喜欢从读书中学习,因为他们更喜欢尝试不同的东西,通过实验来学习。

I would like some peas,

请给我一些豌豆。

某事不会比它发生得更频繁,或者比你期望的要少

Hardly/Hardly ever/Rarely/Infrequently/Seldom/Sporadically/Scarcely/For a short time

很少/偶尔/几乎没有/短时间内

例:

This is scarcely the time to be doubting our plans,

哈利,现在几乎不是怀疑我们计划的时候。

It hardly ever rains here, so if you draw lines in the sand, you can come back and see them years

这里几乎从不下雨,所以如果你在沙地上画线,你可以在几年后回来看。

The ice cream truck rarely comes by our neighborhood, but is very popular when it

冰淇淋车很少经过我们附近,但很受欢迎。

To create doubt

表示怀疑

Unlikely/Improbable/Doubtful/Possibly/Probably/Not likely/Undecidedly/Apparently

不可能/可疑/可能/不可能/不确定/明显不可能/不可能/也许/不可能/不确定/明显

例:

To answer your question, it is highly unlikely that Cassie will be picked for the

回答你的问题,凯西被选上这个职位的可能性很小。

Don’t get your hopes up because your design is not likely to be

不要因为你的设计不太可能被选中而抱有希望。

The doctor will probably have some time to see you in the afternoon, so come when you are

下午医生可能有时间来看你,有空的时候来。

To make generalizations, or talk about multiple things that are related, but not the same

概括,或谈论多种相关但不相同的事情

Basically/Essentially/Generally/Pretty/Rather/Virtually

基本上/大体上/一般地/漂亮/相当于/实际上

例:

“Traveling in the different countries in Asia is basically the same,” said John, who had never been to any of the countries in

从未去过亚洲任何一个国家的约翰说:“在亚洲的不同国家旅行基本上是一样的。”

Essentially, the point of the festival is to celebrate the great things that have happened in the past

从本质上讲,节日的意义在于庆祝过去一年发生的大事。

Virtually every tournament only lets boys compete, probably because everyone is afraid to be beaten by a

几乎每场比赛都只让男孩参加,可能是因为每个人都害怕被女孩打败。

限定词不限于以上列表,可以是长短语,也可以是单个单词。

什么是强调词?

强调词是另一类特殊的修饰语。它们具有与限定词相反的效果,并加强(而不是削弱)它们修改的单词和短语的含义。

They are either positive (like very) or negative (like definitely not).

它们要么是积极的(像非常)要么是消极的(像绝对不是)。这两类强调词的例子如下:

肯定强调词

Very/Extremely/Absolutely/Completely/Greatly/Too/So/Totally/Utterly/Highly/Rather/Really/Exceptionally/Particularly/Seriously/Quite (in American, but not British, English)/Awfully (be careful: awful means very bad, but awfully usually describes some great, like The cake was awfully delicious!)

非常的/绝对的/完全的/非常的/太多的/所以的/完全的/程度高的/相当的/非常的/特别的/认真的/相当的(在美国,但不是英国,英语)/Awfully(小心:awful 的意思是非常糟糕,但是awfully通常描述一些伟大的,如 The cake was awfully delicious! 蛋糕是非常美味的!)

例:

The boss was very adamant that the software be changed this way, so we had better listen to his

老板非常坚决地要求这样修改软件,所以我们最好听听他的要求。

I completely agree with Nathan, even though we never agree on

我完全同意内森的观点,尽管我们从来没有达成一致。

Sally really wanted to kiss Liam that

那天晚上莎莉真的很想吻利亚姆。

否定强调词

Never/At all/What on earth…?

从来没有/根本没有/到底是什么…?

What on earth is Mindy doing? To question Mindy’s

明迪到底在干什么?质疑明迪的行为。

Why… ever…?

究竟为什么?

Why did I ever agree to help you move your furniture? To indicate regret or a

我究竟为什么同意帮你搬家具?表示遗憾或问题。

Dangerously/Seriously/Ever again/Bitterly (goes with specific words, only, including cold, unhappy, disappointed, sad, )

危险的/严肃的/永远的/痛苦的(仅限于特定的词语,包括冷漠、不快乐、失望、悲伤)

例:

Luke never wants to see Philip ever

卢克再也不想见菲利普了。

My son does not want to attend this college at all!

我儿子根本不想上这所大学!

You are getting dangerously close to the edge of my

你正危险地接近我的忍耐极限。

一个更大的数字

Many/Most/Some/Lots of/Numerous/Countless/A majority/Mostly/Various

很多/大多数/一些/大多数/数不尽的/大多数的/各种各样的

例:

Countless efforts have been made to change the system, but nothing has

为改变这一制度已经做了无数的努力,但什么也没有奏效。

A majority of the benches in this park were donated by people from this

公园里的长椅大部分是由附近的人捐赠的。

Herbert was mostly just curious why you designed your office this

赫伯特只是好奇你为什么要这样设计你的办公室。

某事经常发生,或比你期望的更普遍

Often/Frequently/Commonly/For a long time/Usually/Sometimes/Repeatedly

经常/频繁地/通常地/长时间/常/有时/反复

例:

For a long time, I thought that all rabbits just ate carrots all the

很长一段时间以来,我一直以为所有的兔子都只吃胡萝卜。

She frequently stops by our shop to buy a jar of

她经常来我们店里买一罐泡菜。

I have told you repeatedly not to bother me when I am working, have I not?

我反复告诉过你,我工作时不要打扰我,是吗?

何时以及如何使用修饰词、限定词和强调词?

在很大程度上,使用这些单词和短语可以描绘出一幅更加丰富多彩和充满活力的画面,你想说什么。它们有助于提供更多的细节和显示完整的图片。

修饰语可以用在句子的任何地方,可以有多种不同的形式。限定词和强调词是经常出现在它们所修饰的词或短语前面的词或短语。然而,使用太多会使你的写作或演讲变得杂乱无章。减少你使用的单词数量和句子复杂程度的一个好方法就是复习你的写作。

例:

Very important = crucial, central, essential

非常重要=关键、中心、关键

Very unimportant = trivial, irrelevant

非常不重要=微不足道,无关紧要

Very cold = chilly or freezing

非常冷=寒冷的,冷嗖嗖的

Very hot = sweltering

非常热=闷热的

Very confusing = puzzling, perplexing

非常困惑的=令人疑惑的

Very slow = sluggish

非常慢=慢悠悠的

Very fast = speedy, rapid, swift

非常快=迅速的

Very large = enormous, giant, huge

非常大=巨大的

Very small = nonexistent, tiny

非常小=不存在的,极小的

英语语法高中总结 第6篇

(1)  too to do

例:Politics  is too important to be left to the (=Politics is so important that  it can't be left to the )

政治太重要了,不能由政治家来决定。

(2)  only too to do

例:I  shall be only too pleased to get

我要回到家里就非常高兴。

(3)  too + adj + for sth

例:These  shoes are much too small for

我穿这双鞋太小了。

(4)  too + adj + a +

例:This  is too difficult a text for

这篇课文对我来说太难了。

(5)  can't … too +形容词 无论……也不为过

例:We  cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

英语语法高中总结 第7篇

一. 动词的时态

时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态,但是常用的只有9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时,现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。

一般现在时的用法

1) 表示经常性,习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。

句子中常用often,usually,every day等时间状语。例如: He goes to school every day。(经常性动作) He is very (现在的状态) The earth moves around the 〈真理〉

2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。

If you come this afternoon,we'll have a When I graduate,I'll go to the

3) 有时这个时态表示按计划,规定要发生的动作,(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词如begin,come,leave,go,arrive, start,stop,return,open,close等。 The meeting begins at

The train starts at nine in the 在时。例如:

I like English very

一般过去时的用法

4) 表示状态和感觉的动词,如be,like,, remember, find,sound等常用一般现

The story sounds very

1) 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。

He saw Wang

I used to He worked in a factory in During the vacation I would swim in the 2) 表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用“used to”和“would+动词原形”。例如:

注意:used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“to be used to+名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于„„’’。例如:

I am used to the climate He is used to swimming in

一般将来时的用法

一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall + 动词原形”外,还有以下几种形式。

1) ―to be going to+动词原形‖,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如: It is going to We are going to have a meeting

2) go, come, start, move, leave, arrive, stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。

I’m leaving for Next week I’m staying in the country for

The boy is to go to school 3) ―be to + 动词原形‖表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。 Are we to go on with this work ?

跟时间状语。例如:

We are about to I’m about to start He gets off at the next 5) 某些词,如come,go,leave,arrive,start,get,stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。 The meeting starts at five o'

现在进行时

1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,由“to be + 现在分词”构成,另外“系动词十

介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如:

What are you doing? The bridge is under

2) 表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如:have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。

3) 非持续性动词一般不用进行时态,但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是:a) 逐渐地。 b)

反复进行的动作。例如:

a) I’m beginning to understand (我慢慢开始明白了。)

b) The monkey is jumping up and down (那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。)

4) 有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可,但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比较:

The Changjiang River flows to the (长江向东流。 客观现实)

The Changjiang River is flowing to the (长江滚滚东流。 赞叹)

Tom often lies to our (“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)

Tom is always lying to our (“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度)

过去进行时的用法

1) 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,由“was(were)十 现在分词”

构成。例如: In 1980 he was studying in a He was reading a novel when I came

4) ―be about to+动词原形‖ 表示即刻发生的动作,意为:be ready to do 后面一般不

2) 用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较:

Yesterday my sister wrote a (写了一封信)

Yesterday my sister was writing a (这封信或许还没有写完)

现在完成时的用法

现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况:

1) 现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。

He has gone to (说话人认为他不在该地) He has been to (说话人认为他在该地)

表示一段时间的状语或so far,now,today,this week(month,year)等表示包括现在 时间在内的状语。例如: He has studied English for 5

He has studied English since

Now I have finished the

注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如:come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。

3) 现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。例如:

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my

If it has stopped snowing in the morning,we'll go to the

过去完成时的用法

1) 过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动

作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。例如:

By the end of last year we had bui1t five new I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the

或持续下去。例如:

Before he slept,he had worked for 12

过去将来时的用法

过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would + 动词原形”构成。第一人称用should,其他人称用would。例如:

They were sure that they would

现在完成进行时的用法

现在完成进行时由“have(has)+ been+现在分词”构成,表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词,如work,study,live,teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如: I have worked here for three

I have been working here for three

但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如:

I have written a (己写完)

I have been wring a (还在写)

注意:表示短暂动作的动词,如finish,marry,get up,come,go等不能用这种时态。

2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常用for和since

2) 过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间

二. 动词的语态

当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,

谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成,时态通过be表现出来。例如:

1) 一般现在时:You are required to do

2) 一般过去时:The story was told by

3) —般将来时:The problem will be discussed

4) 现在进行时:The road is being

5) 过去进行时:The new tool was being

6) 现在完成时:The novel has been

7) 过去完成时:He said that the work had been

8) 过去将来时:He said that the trees would be planted

一些特殊的被动语态结构:

1) 带情态动词的被动结构:

The problem must be solved

2) 带不定式的被动结构:

The room is going to be The homework needs to be done with

例l)The baby is looked after

用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待,即要把它们看作单字及物动词。

这类结构有以下几种:

a) (不及物)动词+介词:agree to,ask for,call for,laugh at,listen to,look after,

operate on,send for,talk of等。

b) (及物)动词+副词:bring about,carry out,find out,give up,

hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, take up, think over,

turn down,turn out,wipe out,work out等。

c) 动词+副词+介词:do away with,face up to,give in to,look down upon, make up for,

put up with等。

例2)They will be taken (good) care

Attention must be paid to your

用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词+名词+介词”这一结构。如:catch sight of,keep an eye on,make use of,make a fool of,pay attention to, put an end to,set fire / light to, take care of, take hold of,take notice of等。

例2) 与例1) 的不同点在于,它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词+介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词+名词”作为“动词+宾语”的结构处理。

4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语,宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如:

We always keep the classroom (比较:The classroom is always kept )

3) 短语动词的被动结构:

5) 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示,例如:

据说„„ 希望„„ 据推测说„„ It is said that„ It is hoped that„ It is supposed that„ It must be admitted that„ It must be pointed out that„ It is well known that„ It will be said that„ It is generally considered that„

It is believed that„ 必须承认„„ 必须指出„„ 众所周知„„ 有人会说„„ 大家认为„„ 有人相信„„

表示被动含义的主动动词

1) 系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look, taste, sound, smell,

prove, feel等, 例如:

Your reason sounds The door won’t The book sells Good medicine tastes bitter to the It can’t These clothes wash The dust has blown into the 2) 一些与can’t或won’t连用的动词。 常用的有: lock, shut, open, act等, 例如: 3) 一些与well, easily, perfectly等连用的动词, 如: sell, wash, clean, burn, cook等, 例如: 4) 用在 ―主语 + 不及物动词 + 主语补语‖ 句型中的一些不及物动词, 例如: This material has worn

表示被动含义的主动结构

1) 在动名词结构中

be worth, want (=need), need, require后所用的动名词, 必须用主动结构表被动意义。

These young seedlings will require / need looking after (= need to be looked after) Your hair wants / needs cutting (needs to be cut).

a) 作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系, 即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情

形最常出现在 ―There + be + 主语 + 修饰主语的不定式‖ 和 ―及物动词 + 宾语 (或双宾语) + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中, 特别是 ―主语 + have + 宾语 + 修饰宾语的不定式‖ 结构中。

Give him some books to He has a family to There is a lot of work to 当然, 这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式, 含义区别不大,例如: There is so much work to do / to be Give me the names of the people to contact / to be

是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多, 最常用的有amusing, cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, important, nice, pleasant等, 例如:

That question is difficult to Chicken’s legs are nice to

2) 在不定式结构中 b) 在―主语 + be + 形容词 + 不定式‖句型中, 有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语, 这在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被

动。然而,由于古英语的影响, 下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:

Who is to blame for starting the fire? The house is to A lot remains to

3) 在特殊结构中

a) ―be + under +名词‖ 结构:这种结构表示某事 ―在进行中‖。例如: The building is under

The whole matter is under discussion (= is being discussed).

经常这样用的名词还有repair (修理), treatment (治疗), question (质问)等。

b) ―be worthy of +名词‖结构: 在这一结构中, 名词和句子的主语有被动含义, 如: a man worthy of support nothing worthy of praise

此结构后通常用表示行为的名词, 而不用动名词的被动形式。

英语语法高中总结 第8篇

listen 是不及物动词,表示有意识或注意地“听”,必须加 to 才能接宾语。 hear是及物动词,表示“听见”,“听到”,可度能是有意识的听,也可能是无意识的听。

hear 和 listen to 的具体区分hear 和 listen to 有含义、侧重点和用法三个区别:

1、含义不同

hear意思是:听到、听见、得知。hear既是及物动词也是不及物动词,后面可以直接跟名词。

listen to意思是:听…(讲话)、听取、听从。listen to的listen是不及物动词,to为介词,listen to后面必须接有名词。

2、侧重点不同

hear 不是有意识的,强调听的结果。多表示无意识地听见,耳朵收到声音讯息就算。

listen to是有意识的,强调听的过程。用来表示注意正在持续发出的声音,强调集中注意力,想尽量听清楚。是有意识地听、仔细听,但不一定听到什么,强调的是听的动作。

3、在时态中的用法不同

当hear表示无意识的“听”时不能用于进行时态。举个简单的例子,就是不能说“I’m hearing you”,而要说“I can hear you”。

listen to主要是用来表示正在听。如果要表示从头到尾听完一次演出、演说、音乐节目、广播等,一般要用hear。Did you hear that play on the radio last night?(你昨晚收听了那出广播剧吗?)

英语语法高中总结 第9篇

一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特征、状态、能力等。

主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如:

I’ll go there after I finish my If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go

在以here, there开头的句子里,go, come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。

例如:There goes the 铃响了。There comes the 汽车来了。Here she 她来了。

表示正在进行的动作。

表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。

例如:She is leaving for 她要去北京。

He is working as a teacher 从明天起他要做老师。

My father is coming to see me this 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。

代替一般现在时,描绘更加生动。

例如:The Changjiang River is flowing into the 江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the 太阳从东方冉冉升起。

大多数动词可用于进行时,但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有:exist, live, understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, remember, forget,

believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。

表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作。

例如:I have finished the She has cleaned the

表示从过去开始,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for…”, “since…”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如:He has learned English for six They have worked here since they left

现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:

1)用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作,现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果,而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态,和现在关系不大。例如:She has cleaned the It’s very clean (此句has cleaned就不能改为一是因为cleaned与现状无关,二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到It’s…这样的一般现在时。)

2)汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达,如:I have seen that (我看过那部电影了。)但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”,就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如:When did you see that film? I saw it (你什么时候看了那部电影?我昨天看的。)不能说:When have you seen that film? I have seen it

表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”.例如:

——Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the

——She knows a lot about has been

短暂动词(即瞬间动词),join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说:He has finished the work for three 要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1)“ago法”:He finished the work three hours )“延续法”:He has been through(with)the work for three )“since法”:It is/has been three hours since he finished the

用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作。例如:He has been doing the maths problems since It has been raining for two

凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。

表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况,或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。

表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示)。例如:He was preparing his lecture all day

表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如:They were still working when I

用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如:I was writing while he was watching

表示过去将来动作。例如:He said she was arriving the next

表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如:He had shut the door before the dog came Everything had been all right up till this

表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至还要继续下去。例如:At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English He had been ill for a week when we learned about

常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如:We had expected that you would be able to win the

一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式:

do (侧重将来行为,不突出计划安排去做某事)

going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)

doing (按计划将要发生,常和表示最近的将来时间连用)

about to do (按计划即将发生)

用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语,when, before引起的时间状语连用。例如:We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this

英语语法高中总结 第10篇

表示特定的人或物

表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物

主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。The sun,the moon,the earth

表示地点、方向、时间、方式等 at the corner 在拐角处

1) 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。In spring 在春天

2) 具体某年的某个季节,需用冠词。In the summer of the year20XX

3)用于序数词或形容词的最高级前 the first the second

4)用于形容词前使其名词化 the rich the poor

5)用于复数姓氏前,表示―夫妇‖或全家 The Smiths

6)用于乐器名词前 Play the piano

7)用于by+the+计量单位名词 By the pound

用于复数名词前

复数名词泛指某类人或物时,其前通常用零冠词。Students should obey the school 学生应该遵守校规。复数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。The students are too 这些学生太懒。

用于不可数名词前

不可数名词表示泛指时,其前通常用零冠词。如:Bread is made from 面包是用面粉做的。

Wood is a poor conductor of 木头是声音的不良导体。不可数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。

He sawed the wood into three 他把木头锯成三块。

用于专有名词前

在通常情况下,专有名词前要用零冠词。如:

Mr Smith is our English teaches us 史密斯先生教我们英语。在特殊情况下,若专有名词需要特指,也可加定冠词。如:The Smith you‘re looking for no longer lives

用于抽象化的可数名词前

有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示的活动,其前通常零冠词。Jim has gone to 吉姆已上床睡觉了。

She goes to church every 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。

这类主要涉及bed, church, class, college, school, university, work, hospital, prison, market, sea, town等。另外,这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如:―住院‖在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital,而在美国英语中则通常说成in the hospital;类似的还有go to university (英)上大学 / go to the university (美)上大学;at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。

用于职务及头衔前

当表示职务及头衔的名词用作表语、补足语及同位语时,其前通常用零冠词。如:Wilson became President of the 威尔逊当了美国总统。He will be made captain of the football 他将被选为足球队队长。

在表示学科、语言、三餐、月份、季节、节假日、星期等名词前,通常用零冠词。

We are all interested in 我们大家都对物理感兴趣。

用于某些固定结构中

go to sea 去当水手 at home 在家 at night 在晚上 at least 至少

at most 至多 at first 首先 at last 最后 in bed 在床上

on foot 步行 face to face 面对面

英语语法高中总结 第11篇

ill和sick都有"生病的;有病的"之意,但用法并不完全相同。ill表示"生病的;有病的"这一意思时,一般用作表语,不能作定语;而sick?既可以作表语又可以作定语。同时sick?有"恶心的;厌倦的"之意。

ll和sick的具体区别是什么ill 表示"生病的;有病的"这一意思时,一般用作表语,不能作定语;而sick 既可以作表语又可以作定语,如"病人"可以说a sick man 或the sick, 但不能说an ill man 或the ill。又如:She is ill / sick in 她卧病在床。She is looking after her sick father .她在照顾她生病的父亲。

sick 有"恶心的;厌倦的"之意。如:The smell makes me 这气味使我感到恶心。

ill 作定语修饰名词时是"坏的;邪恶的"之意。如:He is an ill 他是一个邪恶的人。

英语语法高中总结 第12篇

who,whose,whom,which,that,as

1)which可以引导非限定性定语从句,代表前面整个句子的内容,并且在从句中做主语 2)that的用法 1)不用that的情况

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our We depend on the land that/which we get our food

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

举例:

All that is needed is a supply of 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

3) as的用法

AS作关系代词,用来引导定语从句:限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、AS引导限制性定语从句

AS引导限制性定语从句时,通常和such, the same, as(so)等连用,构成 as, the same as, as(so)等结构,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。

as意为―的那种,像那样的‖, as引导限制性定语从句时,既可指人,也可指物。such用于名词之前时,具有形容词性质;such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时,具有代词性质。

Don‘t trust such men as praise you to your (as作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。

You should read only such books as you can understand without much (as作宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。

Associate with such as will improve your (as作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。

same as意为―与同样的‖,和such一样,the same既有形容词作用,又有代词性质。

We have arrived at the same conclusion as they (as作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。

比较:the 和the 不同,前者是―同那一个相似‖,后者是―正是那一个‖。如:

This is the same watch as I 这同我丢的那块表一样。

This is the same watch that I lost? 这正是我丢的那块表。

(so)意为―和一样‖,后接由many, much等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词,注意其语序为as(so)++a+n+as,如:It‘s as pleasant a film as I have ever 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。

As many soldiers as marched were 很多游行的战士都被杀了。

注意:such 与 ,与 的区别:that是连词,引出结果状语从句,在从句部分不作成分;as是关系代词,引出定语从句,在从句中可作主语,宾语和表语。比较:He is such a nice boy that everyone likes He is such a nice boy as everyone

It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it It is so difficult a problem as nobody can

英语语法高中总结 第13篇

关系代词as和which引导定语从句的不同点

as可以放在主句前后,也可插入主句之中;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。

在非限制性定语从句中,which后的be动词不可省;而as后的be动词可以省略。

which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语;而as作主语时,谓语常用系动词,如be,seem,become等,一般不用其他行为动词。

as常用"正如"含义,常用的结构有as we know(众所周知);as often happens(正如常发生的那样);as is often the case(情况常常如此);as we all can see(正如我们看到的);be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首,偶尔也可以放句中或句末。

非限制性定语从句中,which可指代主句中的某一个单词,as不可以。

"介词+关系代词(介宾代物)"中关系代词只能用which。

从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,常用which。

一、关系代词和关系副词基本用法

根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:

关系代词的用法

当先行词指人时,若它在从句中作主语,则用who;若它在从句作宾语,则用whom或who;若它在从句中作定语,则用whose。如:

☛The man who told me this refused to tell me his 告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。

☛The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about 你拿了那个女人的伞,她非常生气。

当先行词指物时,若在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则用which;若它在定语从句中作定语用,则用of which或whose。如:

☛I saw something in the paper which might interest 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。

☛He’s written a book the name of which (whose name) I’ve 他写了一本书,书名我给忘了。

关系副词的用法

关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、在点和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后;where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地点名词后;why则通常只放在reason后。如():

☛Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the 星期三下午商店不开门。

☛Give me one reason why we should help 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。

要特别注意,activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新热点)。如:

☛I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。

☛Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language 今天,我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。

☛The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and 治疗将会持续到病人可以正常且安全地行走。

☛If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险,那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。

二、使用非限制性定语从句的情况:

关系代词指代整个主句时,使用非限制性定语从句。

☛You did a lot for me, for which I was 你为我做了许多,对此我很感激。

☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to 众所周知,钓鱼岛属于中国。

☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。

当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时,使用非限制性定语从句。

☛China, which is my motherland, is developing 中国是我的祖国,正在快速发展。

☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last 伊森去年结婚了,他是明星。

☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be 他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。

当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属(son,daughter等)时,使用非限制性定语从句。

☛He has a daughter, who is studying in 他有个女儿,现在正在伦敦学习。(只有一个女儿)

☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell 这是我的老师,他有一些事情要告诉你。

三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

形式不同

限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。

功能不同

限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。

☛People who take physical exercise live 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)

☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去掉,句子意义仍然完整)

翻译不同

在翻译定语从句时,一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。

☛He is the man whose car was 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。

☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。

含义不同

比较下面的两个句子:

☛I have a sister who is a 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)

☛I have a sister, who is a 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)

先行词不同

限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。

☛Peter drove too fast, which was 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)

☛He changed his mind, which made me very 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)

☛ Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)

☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study 她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)

关系词不同

关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。

四、"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句:

●"介词+关系代词"的用法

当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,我们通常用"介词+关系代词"引导定语从句。如果指"人",用"介词+whom";如果指"物",用"介词+which"。

●"介词+关系代词"结构中介词的选用

一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:①先行词的意义;②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配;③句子的意思。

☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the

我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。

表示"整体和部分关系",介词常用of。在some,any,few,none,all,both,neither,most,each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。

☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family

约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。

有时"介词+where"可以引导定语从句,此时要和"介词+which"引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。

☞His head soon appeared out of the window,from where he saw nothing but

他的头很快从窗口探了出来,从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window,而不是from the window)

●在定语从句中,含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化),如look after, look for等。

●"of which / whom"有时可以用"whose+名词"结构来改写。

●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时,通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略);如果定语从句中不缺少状语,则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。

五、关系代词只用that而不用 which的情况

先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词或先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰。

☞All the people that come from the country work much

所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。

先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only, the very, the last等修饰时, 关系代词通常只用that, 不用如:

☞The first English novel that I read was

我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。

☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever

这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。

☞This is the only thing that we can do

这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。

先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只用that,不用如:

☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us

我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s

外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。

关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时,通常只用that,不用如:

☞He is no longer the star that he

他不再是过去的那位明星了。

☞Our school is no longer the school that it used to

我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。

句中其他位置已出现which,为避免重复,不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如:

☞Which is the car that has overtaken us?超过我们的是哪辆车?

英语语法高中总结 第14篇

这一招是最为灵活的,但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识,填入某个已出现的词,或其反义词,或其同类的某个词。

答案的线索可能在本句,可能出现在上下相连的一句,还可能出现在比较远的地方——上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句,则线索可能在上下段的首句;如果横线出现在某段的末句,则线索可能在上下段的末句,以此类推。

例:

Tony____travelling abroad,but dislikes staying home watching

由第二句话中的dislikes可以判断,此横线处应该是填其反义词likes。


英语语法高中总结 第15篇

常见句式是:主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)

例如:He was scolded by the English

主语+get+过去分词+其它成分

例如:The boy got drowned last She got fired because of her

注意:使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”

带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾语。

例如:?She lent me a

被动:1)I was lent a bike(by her). 2)A bike was lent to me(by her).

情态动词+be+过去分词

例如:This problem must be worked out in half an

双重被动式:主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分

例如;These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the murderer was ordered to be

不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是:cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。例如:This knife cuts 这把刀好切。These books sell 这些书好卖。The pen writes 这支笔写起来流畅。Meat won’t keep long in such hot 肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes 这种布好洗。

一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。

例如:The apples taste flower smells news proved/turned out feels

注:prove也可用于被动式,如:His answer(was) proved

不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有:hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例如:The problem is easy to question is difficult to box is heavy to project is impossible to complete in a 比较:The problem is to be question is to be 没有形容词时,虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系,但必须用被动式。

teach myself 不可变为Myself is taught 因为反身代词不可作主语。

help each other/one 不可变为Each other/One another is helped by 因为相互代词不可作主语。

lost 不可变为Heart was lost by 因为象lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式,不能用被动式。

took part in the sports 不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by 因为象take part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。

英语语法高中总结 第16篇

(1)  wish that sb did sth 希望某人现在做某事

例:I  wish I were as strong as

我希望和你一样强壮。

(2)  wish that sb had done sth 希望某人过去做某事

例:  I wish you had told me earlier

要是你早点告诉我就好了。

(3)  wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人将来做某事

例:I  wish you would succeed this

我希望你这次会成功。

英语语法高中总结 第17篇

一. 简单句

一个简单句里只有一个主谓结构(有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语),而谓语又一定是需要限定动词的,因此,通过对限定动词的识别,可以帮助我们判断一个句子是不是简单句,找出其基本结构中缺少或多余的成分。请看以下例句:

I saw him walking to the office this morning and looking eager to get there and start (saw 是限定动词;walking,looking,to get,start都是非限定性动词,即非谓语动词。)

While cutting trees,one man was nearly killed by a falling (was是限定动词;cutting,killed,falling是非限定动词。)

You can either stay here or come with

(stay,come都是非限定动词;can是情态动词,can stay or come作谓语。)

二. 并列句

并列连词及其使用

1) 常用的并列连词(或称等立连词)有:and,or,but,for,not (also),,

2) 除for以外的并列连词都可以用来连接一个单句里的两个并列成分,例如:

Jenny and I are good friends。 We run,jump and shout for joy

(当有两个以上的并列成分时,一般只在最后两者之间用连词。)

We go for a walk or watch TV after 。

The bike is quite old but in excellent

Either your answer or mine is

3) 除以外的并列连词还可用来连接两个简单句(或称并列分句),构成并列句。

She was often late and everybody knew,but no one asked

The old lady doesn't go out in the winter, for she feels the cold a great

Not only is the teacher himself interested h the subject but a11 his students are beginning to show an interest in

连接并列分句的其它手段

1) when/where偶尔也可作并列连词;如:

I was walking down the street when I remembered that I had forgotten my (when = and then)

Last night I went to the theatre where I saw Tom's parents,(where = and there) The tongue is not steel,yet it

I’m busy today,so can you come tomorrow?

Go into the cave,then they won't see

It may be possible or not;however,we shall

I’ve never been to Berlin;therefore I don't know much about 2) 副词yet,的和then可以连接并列分句:

3) 还可用分号“;”。如: 并列分句的排列顺序 必须考虑各分句之间的逻辑关系及其时间上的先后顺序,具体情况具体分析。 1) 有些并列的分句可以相互颠倒,并不影响所表达的句意,如: Everyone was in the classroom and the doors were

(=The doors were c1osed and everyone was in the )

2) 多数并列句里的分句不能相互颠倒。如:

Most of us were in the classroom,the doors were closed and the late comers had to wait

(为说明门关之后,迟到者只好在外等着,后两个分句的顺序不能颠倒。)

We were coming to see you,but it rained(so we didn’t)。

(考虑到两个分句所谈事实的时间先后与逻辑关系,它们的位置不能颠倒。)

三. 复合句

复合句由一个主句和一个(或一个以上的)从句组成。用来连接从句的连词是从属连词。从句附属于主句的方式有三种:

1) 相当另一个句子里的某个名词或名词词组的作用,作名词从句。

Everyone could see the truth / (that) it was

2) 修饰句子里的某个名词或代词,作定语从句。如:

I often see My old friends / my school friends who were at school with

3) 相当另一个句子里的某个状语的作用,作状语从句。如:

I met your brother ten years ago / when I came to this 两类连词的区分与使用 并列连词与从属连词的作用不同,注意不可混用。如:

不能说:*Although I was good at maths,but I was never given full (although与but不能连用)

应说:Although I was good at maths,(yet)I was never given full

或: I was good at maths,but/yet I was never given full

不能说:*Unless you work harder,or you will fail to pass the (unless与or不能连用)

应说:Unless you work harder,you will fail to pass the

或:Work harder/you must work harder, or you will fail to pass the

四. 陈述句的肯定与否定

not及其它否定词的使用

1) 否定句一般可以由否定词not及必要的助词来构成,例如:

These exercises are not

I don't like

2) 除not以外,还有以下这些否定词,也能构成否定句:

a) never,hardly,seldom一类含否定意义的副词。如:

I have not / never / hardly (ever)/ seldom spoken to

I have not said anything to anybody about

I have spoken to nobody / no one about

I have said nothing to anybody about

I haven't any money / I have no

I haven't I have

c) neither和nor,主要在以下句式中:

---I haven't spoken to

---Neither/Nor have

当用作连词时,neither要在nor之前。如:

Neither Bob nor I broke the We neither want nor need any help from you, thank b) no,none以及其它由no-构成的复合词(nothing,nobody,no one,nowhere等)。

肯定变否定时的其它相应变化

肯定与否定句的区别,除了看有无否定词之外,还可能体现在其它方面,试比较: I have found some mistakes

I haven't found any yet?(some >>> any;already >>> yet)

I have found some mistakes,

I haven't found any (too >>> either)

五. 疑问句

否定问句

1) 否定问句可由否定句变来,例如:

He doesn't eat

I haven't seen

结构相当正规,如:

Does he not eat meat?(不能说 *Does not )

Have you not seen him?(不能说 *Have not )

3) 否定问句的回答要“前后如一”,不可受汉语影响犯以下这类错误:

— Doesn't he eat meat?

一Yes,he /No,he doesn'

(不能说 Yes,he doesn',he )

反意疑问句的一般构成

1) 反意疑问句的一般构成是:肯定陈述,否定尾句;否定陈述,肯定尾句。要注意反问尾

句中的助词(或系动词、情态动词等)与人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词与主语取

得一致。例如:

Jane is your cousin,isn’t she? There is no doubt,is there?

We need to ask first,don’t we? We needn’t ask first,need we?

2) 要注意陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式 's或 'd的真实意义,以决定尾句应该选用的助动

词或系动词等。如:

He’s never met you before,has he? (He's=He has)

He’s going to tell you the truth,isn't he?(He's=He is)

You'd better go, hadn't you? (you'd =you had)

You'd rather stay, wouldn't you?(you'd =you would)

3) 要注意“否定陈述+肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致。

You seldom go swimming in the morning,do you?

Yes,I do,/No,I don'

比较特殊的反意疑问句

有些反意疑问句的尾句构成比较特殊,应当引起注意:

Few people knew the answer,did they?(few为否定含义,后接肯定尾句。)

I'm older than you,aren't I?(I am后面的否定尾句常用aren't I?)

Pass me the newspaper,will you?(肯定祈使句用will you?)

Don't be late next time,will you?(否定祈使句后也用will you?)

Remember to lock the door,won't you?(用won't you表示请求或恳求。)

Use your head,can't you?(can't you表示不耐烦或不满的斥责。)

Let's do it by ourselves,shall we?(第一人称祈使句,we包括说话人与听话人双方。)

Let us do it by ourselves,will you?(第二人称祈使句,we只指说话人一方。)

Everybody has been told what to do,haven't they?(尽管hasn't he似乎更合语法;习惯常用 haven't they。)

Doesn't he eat meat? >>> Haven't you seen him?

2) 否定问句的开头一般都用not的缩写形式;如分开,则须将not放到主语之后,但这类

None of us knew the way,did we?(none of us作主语, 尾句中用we)

Some of you are learning Russian,aren't you?(同上句理解。)

特殊疑问句

1) 两种语序:

a) 当疑问词为主语或主语的定语时,语序与陈述句相同,如:

Somebody broke the >>> Who broke the window?

Something broke the >>> What broke the window?

Somebody's window was >>> Whose window was broken?

b) 当疑问词为其它成分时,则疑问词后面的语序与一般疑问句相同,如:

He was reading China >>> What paper was he reading?

I saw the film >>> When did you see the film?

2) 要注意选择恰当的疑问词以及与之搭配的其他词语,如:

I bought a bike made in >>> What bike did you buy?

The new bike under the tree is >>> Which bike is yours? He did his work >>> How did he do his work?

I go to the library twice a >>> How often do you go to the library?

He painted the desk >>> What color did he paint the desk?

两类选择疑问句

1) 一类是以一般疑问句为基础的。如:

Do you speak French or German?

Will they come to see us or sha11 we go to see them?

Has Henry finished his breakfast or hasn't he?

2) 另一类是以特殊疑问句为基础的,可以看成是由一个Wh- 问句加上并列起来供人选择

的两个(或两个以上的)答案构成的。如:

How do you go to school every day,by bus or on foot?

When shall we set off,at six or (at)six thirty?

六. 祈使句

祈使句的主语

1) 主语应为第二人称时,通常不表示出来,如:

Read after me, Be careful with your Have this seat,will you?(可加反意疑问句) Let me have a Let him try All/Everybody be here at two o'clock。(也可不用Let) 2) 行为动作的主语为第一、三人称时,祈使句通带以Let开头:

祈使句的强调与否定

1) 祈使句的强调结构是在句首加Do:

Do come early next Do be careful! 2) 祈使句的否定是在句首加Don't: Don't ask me Don't be

Don't 1et there be too much

Never buy what you cannot pay (也可用Never)

祈使句+and/or结构

这类结构常可与含if从句的复合句相互转换:

Give h1m an inch, and he'll take a (=lf you give him an inch, he'll take a )

Wear your coat,or you'll catch (If you don't wear your coat,you'll catch ) 七. 感叹句

What +(a/an)+ + + 主谓

What a beautiful day it is!

What wonderful weather we are having!

1) What之后是否用a/an要看后面的名词是否可数;是单数还是复数:

What beautiful music the boy is playing!(music不可数,前面不可加) What fools they were!(fools,复数,不可加a/an) What a beautiful day!

What fools!

How hard you've been working! How time flies!

2) 在上下文清楚的情况下,感叹句中的主谓结构甚至形容词都可省略。如: How + + 主谓!

How happy we are!

How也可修饰句中动词,如: How I miss you,my friend! How++ a/an +单数名词„:

How foolish a boy he is!(= What a foolish boy he is!)

英语语法高中总结 第18篇

(1)  where 引导的定语从句

例:This  is the house where he lived last

这就是他去年住过的房子。

(2)  where 引导的状语从句

例:Where  there is a will,there is a

有志者事竟成。

He  left his key where he could

他将钥匙放在易找到的地方。

I  will go where I want to

我要去我想去的地方。

(3)  where 引导的表语从句

例:This  is where you are

这正是你错的地方。

英语语法高中总结 第19篇

现在完成时

现在完成时结构:

主语 + 助动词have(has) + 动词过去分词

否定句:have/has后加not, haven’t/hasn’t

一般疑问句:have/has提前

现在完成时的用法:

(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,强调的是这个结果或影响,常与yet,already,just,before,lately等时间状语连用。

—Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗?

—Yes, I I have just had 是的,我刚吃过。(现在我不饿了。)

I have already posted the 我已经寄过这些照片了。(这些照片已不在我这里了。)

have(has) gone to,have(has) been to和have(has) been in的区别

have (has) gone to表示"已经去某地了",不能与for+一段时间连用。

She has gone to (她可能已在去上海的路上,或已到上海,总之现在不在这里。)

have (has) been to表示"曾经去过某地",不能与for+一段时间连用。

She has been to Shanghai three (她已经不在上海,只说明她曾经去过。)

have (has) been in/at表示"一直待在某地",常与时间段搭配,指待了很久。

(2)过去发生的事情,一直持续到现在(其谓语动词多是延续性动词或表示状态的词)。

I haven’t seen her these 近来我一直没见过他。

I’ve known Li Lei for three 我认识李雷已经三年了。

They have lived here since 他们自从1996年就住在这儿。

She has taught us since I came to this 自从我来这所学校,她就教我。

现在完成时多与下列时间状语连用:

(1)用于"过去发生的事,对现在造成的影响或结果"的时间状语有:

(2)用于"过去发生的事,一直延续到现在"的时间状语有:

for + 时间段 for two years

since + 时间点 since 20XX since then since he came here

so far 目前;迄今为止

up to now=till now=by now 到现在为止;直到现在

all the time 总是;一直

recently/lately 最近

these days 近几天

by the end 到……末/结束 by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末

during /over the last (past) few years 在过去的几年中

in the last /past days/ months/ years 在过去的几个天/月/年中

(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。

I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own

I will go with you as soon as I have finished my

(4)非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

I haven’t received his letter for almost a

英语语法高中总结 第20篇

Unit One Friendship

一、重点短语

through 经历,经受

get through 通过;完成;接通电话

set down 记下,放下

a series of 一系列

on purpose 有目的的

in order to 为了

at dusk 傍晚,黄昏时刻

face to face 面对面

fall in love 爱上

join in 参加(某个活动);

take part in 参加(活动)

join 加入(组织,团队,并成为其中一员)

calm down 冷静下来

suffer from 遭受

be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦

be concerned about 关心

get on/along well with 与…相处融洽

be good at/do well in 擅长于…

find it + to do 发现做某事是…

no longer / not …any longer 不再…

too much 太多(后接不可数)

much too 太…(后接)

not…until 直到… 才

it’s no pleasure doing sth 做… 并不开心

make 使某人成为…

make do 使某人做某事

二、语法----直接引语和间接引语

概念:直接引语:直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。

间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。

例: Black said, “ I’m ”

Black said that he was

变化规则

(一)陈述句的变化规则

直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that(可省略)引导,从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。

人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思

例: He said, “ I like it very ” → He said that he liked it very

He said to me, “I’v left my book in your ”

→ He told me that he had left his book in my

时态的变化

例:

“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary,” said

→Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a

The boy said, “I’m using a ”

→ The boy said that he was using a

▲注意:如果直接引语是客观真理,变为间接引语时,时态不变,如:

He said, “Light travels much faster than ”

He said that light travels much faster than

指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化

(二) 祈使句的变化规则

如果直接引语是祈使句,变为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并根据句子意思在不定式前加上tell/ask/order等动词,如果祈使句是否定句,在不定式前面还要加上not。例:

The hostess said to us, “Please sit ”

→ The hostess asked us to sit

He said, “Don’t make so much noise, ”

→ He told the boys not to make so much

(三)疑问句的变化规则

如果直接引语是疑问句,变为间接引语时要把疑问句语序变为陈述句语序,句末用句号。

一般疑问句:如果直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,谓语动词是say或said时,要改为 ask 或asked,原问句变为由if/whether 引导的宾语从句。例:

“Do you think a diary can become your friend?” the writer

→ The writer asks us if we think a diary can become our

2) 特殊疑问句:如果间接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的引导词,但疑问句要变为陈述句。例:

“What do you want?” he asked

→ He asked me what I wanted

Unit two English around the world

一、重点短语

be different from 与…不同

be the same as 与…一样

one another 相互,彼此(=each other)

official language 官方语言

at the end of 在…结束时

because of 因为(后接名词或名词性短语)

because 因为(后接句子)

native speakers 说母语的人

be based on 根据,依据

at present 目前;当今

especially 特别,尤其

specially 专门地

make use of 利用…

make the best of 充分利用…

a large number of 大量的,很多(作主语,谓语动词用复数)

the number of …的数量(作主语,谓语动词用单数)

in fact = actually= as a matter of fact 事实上

believe it or not 信不信由你

there is no such thing as… 没有这样的事…

be expected to …被期待做某事

play a part/role in … 在…起作用

make lists of…列清单

included 包括(前面接包括的对象)

Including包括(后接包括的对象)

command to do 命令某人去做某事

command + that 从句(从句用should+V原)

request to do 要求某人做某事

request + that 从句(从句用should+V原)

二、语法----英语中的命令(command)语气和请求(request)语气

命令语气:表示直接命令某人做某事,语气比较重,不怎么礼貌,一般用于上级对下级

例: “ Look at the example”, the teacher said to

Open the window!

请求语气:表示请求某人做某事,语气比较缓和,非常礼貌

例: “ Would you like to see my flat?” She

Would you please open the window?

Unit 3 Travel journal

一、重点短语

travel----泛指旅行

journey----指长时间长距离的陆上旅行

voyage----指长距离的水上旅行,也可以指乘飞机旅行

trip----常指短时间短距离的旅行

tour----指周游,巡回旅游,

prefer to 更加喜欢,宁愿

prefer A to B 比起B,更喜欢A

prefer doing to doing 比起做…,宁愿做…

prefer to do rather than do 与其做…, 不如…

flow through 流过,流经

ever since 自从

persuade to do 说服某人做某事

be fond of 喜欢

insist on doing 坚持做某事

insist + that 从句(用should+ V原)

care about 关心

change one’s mind 改变想法

altitude 高度

attitude 态度,看法

make up one’s mind to do下定决心做某事

= decide to do = make a decision to do

give in 让步,屈服

give up 放弃

be surprised to … 对…感到惊奇

to one’s surprise 令某人惊讶的是…

at last = finally = in the end 最终

stop to do 停下来去做某事

stop doing 停止做某事

as usual 像往常一样

so…that 如此… 以至于…

So + adj + a/an + + that

Such + a/an + + + that

be familiar with 对…熟悉(人作主语)

be familiar to 为…所熟悉(物作主语)

二、语法:现在进行时表将来

现在进行时表将来,表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,常见的现在进行时表将来的动词有:come/ go / leave/ arrive / travel / take / stay/ do等.

例: I’m 我就来

what are you doing next Sunday ? 你下个星期天做什么?

I hear that you are travelling along Mekong 我听说你将沿湄公河旅行

Where are you staying at night? 你们晚上待在哪里/

Unit four Earthquakes

一、重点短语

right away 立刻,马上(= at once = in no time)

asleep 睡着的;熟睡地(fall asleep 入睡)

sleep 睡;睡眠

sleepy 犯困的

it seems that/ as if … 看来好像… ;似乎

in ruins 成为废墟

the number of …的数量(谓语动词用单数)

a number of 大量(谓语动词用复数)

rescue workers 营救人员

Come to one’s rescue 营救某人

be trapped 被困

how long 多长时间

how often 多久,指平率

how soon 还要多久(用于将来时当中,用in+时间段回答)

hundreds of thousands of 成千上万的

dig out 挖出

shake----泛指“动摇,震动”,常指左右、上下动摇,也可以指人“震惊,颤抖”

例: She felt the earth shaking under

She was shaken with

quake---- 指较强烈的震动,如地震

例: The building quaked on its foundation

Tremble---- 指人由于寒冷、恐惧、不安等引起的身体的抖动或声音的颤抖

例:Suddenly I saw her lips begin to tremble and tears begin to flow down her

Shiver---- 多指寒冷引起的颤抖、哆嗦

例:A sudden gust of cold wind made me

rise (rose—risen)---- vi, 上升;升起, 无被动语态;give rise to 引起

Raise(raised—raised)---- vt, 举起;筹集;养育

Arise ( arose—arisen)----vt, 出现(常指问题或现象)

injure---- 常指因意外事故造成的损伤,也可以指感情上名誉上的伤害

例:He was injured in a car

harm---- 泛指“伤害,损害”,既可以指有生命的,也可以指无生命的

例: He was afraid that his fury would harm the

His business was harmed for some

hurt---- 既可以指肉体上的伤害,也可以指精神上的伤害

例: She hurt her leg when she

He felt hurt at your

wound---- 一般指枪伤、刀伤等在战场上受的伤

例:The bullet wounded him in the

be prepared for …= make preparations for… 为…做准备

in one’s honor 向…表示敬意;为纪念

Be/ feel honored to do … 做…感到很荣幸

make /give/ deliver a speech 发言

opening speech 开幕词

give/ provide shelter to …向…提供庇护所

seek shelter from…躲避

happen to + 遭遇,发生

happen to do 偶然;碰巧

happen ----指偶然发生

take place----指事先计划好的事情发生

二、语法----定语从句

概念:在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。

成分:先行词,即被定语从句修饰的名词或代词;关系代词:that,which,who(宾格为whom,所有格为whose);或者关系副词where,when,why等。关系代词或关系副词处在先行词和定语从句之间,起着连接主从句的作用。

关系代词that的用法

关系代词that在定语从句中既能指人,也能指物;既能做主语,也能做宾语

例:1)A plane is a machine that can (指物,作主语)

2)The noodles (that) I cooked were (指物,作宾语)

3)Who is the man that is reading a book over there? (指人,作主语)

4)The girl (that) we saw yesterday was Jim’s sister,(指人,作宾语)

关系代词which的用法

关系代词which在定语从句中只能指物,但既可以做宾语也能作主语

例:1)They planted some trees which didn’t need much (作主语)

2)The fish (which) we bought this morning were not (作宾语)

关系代词who,whom的用法

关系代词who,whom 只能指人,在定语从句中分别作主语和宾语

例:1)The foreigner who helped us yesterday is from (作主语)

2)The person to whom you just talked to is (作宾语)、

关系代词whose在的用法

关系代词whose为关系代词who的所有格形式,其先行词既可以是人也可以是物,whose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中既可以做主语也可以做宾语。

例:1)This is the scientist whose name is known all over the (指人,作主语)

2) The room whose window faces south is (指物,作主语)

3)He has written a book whose name I’ve (指物,作宾语)

关系副词when的用法

关系副词when在定语从句中作时间状语

例:1)I’ll never forget the time when (=during which) we worked on the

2) Do you remember the afternoon when (=on which) we first met three years ago?

关系副词where在定语从句中的用法

关系副词where在定语从句中做地点状语

例:1)This is the place where( =at/ in which) we first

2) The hotel where (= in which ) we stayed wasn’t very

关系副词why在定语从句中的用法

关系副词why在定语从句中作原因状语

例: 1). I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason why(= for which) I

2). The reason why (=for which) he has late was that he missed the

Unit 5 Nelson Mandela – a modern hero

一、重点词汇

selfish 自私的

selfless 无私的

devote oneself to… 致力于;献身于

fight against 对抗,反对

fight for 为… 而战

principle 原则

principal 校长;主要的

offer guidance to …给…提供指导

out of work 失业

join 加入(组织,俱乐部,成为其中一员)

join in 参加(活动)

take part in 参加(活动)

as + adj +as one can 尽可能…

= as + +as possible

as a matter of fact 事实上(=in fact)

blow up 爆炸,炸掉

set up 建立 ; set about 着手,开始做( set about doing )

set off 出发,动身 ; set out 开始,出发(set out to do )

be sentenced to 被判…

be equal to 与…相等;胜任

be proud of 为…感到自豪

give out 分发 (give off 散发出(气味))

die for 为…而死

die of 死于(自身原因,如疾病)

die from 死于(外在原因,如车祸)

realize one’s dream of … 实现的梦想

only 位于句首时,要主谓倒装

例:Only then did we decide to answer violence with

Only in this way, can we protect the environment

二.语法----定语从句

详见第四单元

英语语法高中总结 第21篇

虚拟语气用法归纳

虚拟语气用法归纳

虚拟语气对于很多高中生而言都是一个困扰。难点有两个

一. 何时用?

二. 何种形式?

一、何时用?

英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气等。虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设并非事实,或难以实现的,甚至表达相反的概念,或者表示主观愿望或某种强烈的感情。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。

二、何种形式?

为方便同学们记忆,不妨简单归纳如下:

退后时态型

情态动词+have done

型。

退后时态型

即依据所想表达的时间,现在的虚拟退后为过去时,过去的虚拟退后为过去的过去,即过去完成时,将来的虚拟退后为过去将来时(有些从句不用将来时,单独考虑)。

退后时态型包括:

if条件句 as if/ as though if/ even though if only wish would 以上六种从句中。

虚拟条件句

如:

(1) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。eg:

If he were free now, he would help

要是他现在有空的话,它会帮助我们的。

(2) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。eg:

If I had got there earlier, I would have met

如果我早点到那儿,我就会见到了李先生。

(3) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。eg

If he were to come/ should come/ came here tomorrow, he would tell us about

明天万一他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。

运用条件句中的虚拟语气时,须注意的几个问题:

(1) 注意:if条件句中因为主将从现,不用将来时,所以与现在时间虚拟形式一致,无非增加两种形式should do 、 were to do,整体看依然符合上述“现在的虚拟退后为过去时,过去的虚拟退后为过去的过去,即过去完成时,将来的虚拟退后为过去将来”。

(2)错综时间虚拟条件句,即主、从句的动作不是同时发生时,依据表格主从句动词形式区别对待。

①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。eg:

If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer now, 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会是工程师了

②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如:

If he were free today, we would have sent him to

如果他今天有空的话, 我们会已经派他去北京了。

(3)含蓄条件句

without,but for, or, otherwise等词可以表达假设,相当于if条件句。主句动词形式依据时间确定

eg:

Without electricity, our life would be greatly

But for your help last term, I would have failed the

We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned

我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。

(4)当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 had, should, were时, if 省略,将 had, should, were置于句首。为方便记忆,按谐音可记为:一马当先还(had)数(should)我(were),一马当即为将 were, should, had等词置于句首。【注】若条件从句为否定句,否定词not不提前。

eg:

(1)Were he free now, he would help

要是他现在有空的话,它会帮助我们的。

(2)Had I got there earlier, I would have met

如果我早点到那儿,就会见到了李先生。

(3)Were he to come here tomorrow, he would tell us about

Should he come here tomorrow, he would tell us about

明天万一他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。

(4)Had I not got there late, I would have met

如果我早点到那儿,就会见到了李先生。

动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。

表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were);表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时had done;

表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用过去将来时would /could+动词原形。

注意如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。如:

1) How I wish / If only I could be of some

我希望我能有什么用处。

2) How I wish / If only I had met him yesterday!

注意: 表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语除用过去完成时had done外,也可以用would / could+have +过去分词(注意这里的情态动词不能用should)

I wish I could have studied hard at

would rather之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,其虚拟语气的形式为:

过去虚拟 用had + done

现在或者将来虚拟 用过去时(be用were )

eg:

1)I’d rather you had seen the film

我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。

2)I’d rather you were here

我倒想你现在在这儿。

3)We’d rather you went there

我们倒想你明天去那儿。

其他

1)When a chopstick is partly in water, it looks as if it were

2)Even if he were here, there would be nothing to be

情态动词+have done

should/ ought to/ could/ might/ needn’t/ would/ would like to/ would love to/ would rather 等情态动词后面+have done,表达对过去的虚拟,译为过去本应该,过去本能够,过去本不必等。

eg:

1) I would/ would like to have attended the concert, but an unexpected visitor came

2) It was Sunday yesterday; he needn’t have gone to (本不必去却去了)

should 型

表达“建命要坚”等意义的词后面的名词从句中,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should可以省略。

建议:suggest/advise/propose/recommend/urge

命令:order/command

要求:demand/require/request

坚持:insist

eg:

1)The doctor advised that he change his

医生劝他换工作。(宾语从句)

2)The workers on strike demanded that this tax be

罢工的工人们要求取消这种税。(宾语从句)

3)The committee proposed (that) Day be

委员会建议推选戴先生。(宾语从句)

4)He took no notice of the doctor’s suggestion that he (should) not

他对医生对他不要抽烟的建议置之不理。(同位语从句)

5)My proposal is that the matter be put to the vote at

我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。(表语从句)

6) It is required in the notice that everyone (should) wear formal suits

通知中要求所有人要着正装。(主语从句)

7)They urged that relief work should be given

他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。

注意:

1)suggest译为“表明”、“暗示”时,不需要虚拟。

He suggested that we (should) stay for

他建议我们留下吃饭。

What he said suggested that he was a

他说的话表明他是个骗子。

2)动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较:

He insisted that I had read his

他坚持说我看过他的信。

He insisted that I should read his

他坚持要我看他的信。

It is +表达情况紧迫性或者强烈情绪,观点的n/adj/done +that +主语从句,从句的谓语动词常用should+原形且should可以省略。

表示紧迫的或者表强烈情绪,观点的词如:advisable, critical, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, urgent, vital, natural, strange, surprising, a pity, a miracle, desire, urge等。

eg:

1)Do you think it is necessary that he (should) not be sent to

2)It’s vital that you make a decision right

你立刻就做决定是至关重要的。

3)It is urged that relief work should be given

他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。

4)It is strange that such a person should be our (should表示“竟然”,不可省)

奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。

虚拟语气句型It is 或was (high) time that +从句,从句的谓语动词形式用一般过去时

或者should do形式且该should不可以省略。

eg: It is (high) time that we went /should go to

在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中,虚拟语气从句动词形式为:(should) + do,并且should能省略(for fear that,lest),in case后不能省略。

eg:

1)She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come

她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。

2) He started out earlier lest he (should) be

他早早地就出发了以防迟到。

注意:in case从句中可能性较大时,用陈述语气

eg: You’d better take an umbrella in case it

英语语法高中总结 第22篇

(1)  She is taller than I by three

她比我高三英寸

(2)  There is one year between

我们之间相差一岁。

(3)  She is three years old than

她比我大三岁。

(4)  They have increased the price by 50%.

他们把价格上涨了50%

(5)  His salary has rised to 10,000 yuan per

他的工资已经涨到了每月10,000元。

英语语法高中总结 第23篇

一、动名词作主语

一般置于句首:

Reading English is easier than speaking

有时也可以用it作形式主语,而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。 It will be nice seeing them

这类句子结构常见的还有:

1) It’s no use…;It is no use crying over spilt

2) It's no good…;It is no good feeling self——satisfied over your first 3) Is it any good…? Is it any good trying to exp1ain? 4) It's a waste of time…;It's a waste of time arguing about 动名词还可以在There is no„句子结构中做主语: There is no asking him to come is

这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语,其句型含义相当于It is impossible to do„

二、动名词作表语

连系动词常与动名词连用,一起构成复合谓语:

Our task is building China into a powerfu1 modern socialist 作动词宾语:

This factory has stopped producing the old type of

必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有:consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,excuse,finish, give up,cannot help(禁不住),imagine,mind,miss,practise,put off,resist,suggest,

三、动名词作宾语

pardon,stop,allow,permit,forbid,appreciate等。

作介词宾语:

在介词后面,常常用动名词作宾语,这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语 There are several ways of doing (定语) After finishing the experiments, we wrote down the (状语) 这样的介词短语间或作表语: I am for putting the meeting

须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多,最常见的有:Insist on, think of dream of hear of

prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, be engaged in, look forward to,depend on,

thank…for, feel like,excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…(in),waste…(in),

get/be used to,be fond of be afraid of, be tired of succeed in, be interested in, feel/be ashamed of, be proud of等。

四、动名词的逻辑主语:

动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格,来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。

物主代词+动名词

这种结构可置于句首,也可放在句中或句末,常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语:

His going there won't do any harm(主语)

Do you think his going there will be of any help? (主语)

What's troubling them is their not having enough (表语)

They insisted on my staying there for (宾语)

名词的所有格+动名词

其用法与“物主代词+动名词”相同:

We all thought Tom's going there a great

人称代词宾格+动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)He was angry about me not having to

leave

名词的普通格+动名词(不能放在句首用作主语)

I don't like young people 其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式

1) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西,就只能用普通格。

Is there any hope of your factory winning the game?

2) 如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组,也只能用普通格:

Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an order?

There is no chance of that being

I’m I have no idea of it being 3) 当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时,常用其宾格:

五、动名词的否定式

一般式:not doing(主动形式):not being done(被动形式)

完成式:not having done(主动形式);not having been done(被动形式)

注意:当动名词带有逻辑主语时,not应放在逻辑主语后面。如:his not seeing the

六、动名词的完成式

其形式为:(以do为例)having done(主动形式);having been done(被动形式)。如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用其完成式: He was praised for having completed thirty years of

但是在forget,remember,regret等动词和apologize for,excuse…for,thank…for等成语后, 经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式: I remember posting (=having posted) the

Excuse me for coming (=having come) late 七、动名词的被动式

其形式为:(以do为例)being done(一般式);having been done(完成式)

当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象;当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表示的动作的对象时,动名词一般要用被动式(多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动式): They insisted on their being treated as ordinary This question is far from being

英语语法高中总结 第24篇

非谓语动词的分类,意义,构成:

做宾语的非谓语动词比较:

非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:

非谓语动词做定语的区别:

非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:

If和whether

if 和whether都能引导主语从句。只不过if 引导主语从句不放在句首,而放在句尾。句首用it 作先行词,而whether引导的主语从句可放在句首或句尾。

_有些语法书说if不能引导表语从句。而在实际阅读中if引导表语从句的句子也是有的。

The question is if we should go on with the

if 与whether不能互换的情况:

1、介词后用whether不用if It depends on whether he’s

2、不定式之前用whether, 不用if He worried whether to

3、名词之后用whether不用if The decision whether to see her was mine

4、whether可和or not直接连用,if不能。 I don’t know whether or not he is

5、引导让步状语从句用whether不用if: Whether you like it or not, you will have to do

6、如果宾语从句放在句首,用whether不用 Whether this is true or not, I can’t

7、如果宾语从句是个否定句,用if引导不用whether引导。 I don’t care if he can’t

英语语法高中总结 第25篇

(1)  would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做……而不愿做……

例:She  would rather die than turn against his

她宁可死也不去背叛祖国。

(2)  would rather have done sth 宁愿过去做过某事

例:I  would rather have taken his

我宁愿过去接受他的意见。

(3)  would rather sb had done sth 宁愿某人过去做过某事

例:I  would rather I had passed the examination last

我真希望通过上星期的考试。

(4)  would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人现在或将来做某事

例:  Who would you rather went with you?

你宁愿谁和你一起去?

(1)  before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及……

例:Before  I could get in a word ,he had measured

我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。

(2)  It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间……

例:It  will be 4 years before he

他还有四年时间变毕业了。

(3)  had done some time before (才……)

例:We  had sailed four days and four nights before we saw

我们航行了四天四夜才见到陆地。

(4)  had not done before 不到……就……

例:We  hadn’t run a mile before he felt

我们还没走到一英里路就觉得累了。

(5)  It was not +一段时间+ before 不多久就……

例:It  wasn’t two years before he left the

还没到两年他们离开了那国家。

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